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In Common Lisp, the identifier of a function in the function namespace cannot be used as a reference to a first-class value. The special operator function must be used to retrieve the function as a value: (function foo) evaluates to a function object. #'foo exists as a shorthand notation. To apply such a function object, one must use the funcall function: (funcall #'foo bar baz).

Explicit partial application with functools.partial since version 2.5, and operator.methodcaller since version 2.6.

The identifier of a regular "function" in Ruby (which is really a method) cannot be used as a value or passed. It must first be retrieved into a Method or Proc object to be used as first-class data. The syntax for calling such a function object differs from calling regular methods.

Nested method definitions do not actually nest the scope.

Explicit currying with [1].

• Defunctionalization

• eval

• First-class message

• Kappa calculus – a formalism which excludes first-class functions

• Man or boy test

• Partial application

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